تجربۀ والدین مهاجر ایرانی مسلمان مقیم امریکا در ارتباط با تربیت فرزندان نسل دوم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

نسل دوم مهاجران، به نسلی گفته می­شود که حداقل یکی از والدین آن­ها مهاجر بوده و خود در کشور مقصد متولد شده باشند. مهاجرت و مهاجر بودن که به­واسطۀ آن، خانواده‌های مهاجر از جنبه­های گوناگون به اقلیت جامعۀ مقصد تبدیل خواهند شد، کار آسانی نیست و هنگامی که با دوران نوجوانی فرزندان و تعارضات و اختلافات رایج همراه با آن هم­زمان شود، والدین مهاجر را با چالش­های دوچندان مواجه می­کند. مقالۀ حاضر، نتیجۀ یک پژوهش کیفی با روش پدیدارشناسی است که به­منظور درک چگونگی تجربۀ ارتباط والدین ایرانی مسلمان مقیم ایالت کالیفرنیای امریکا با فرزندان نوجوانشان انجام شد. شرکت­کنندگان این پژوهش، متشکل از ۱۵ نفر از پدران و مادران خانواده­های مهاجر ایرانی مسلمان بود که فرزندان نوجوان ۱۳تا ۱۹ساله داشتند و به روش نمونه­گیری گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شدند. با هر یک از آنان، مصاحبه­ای به مدت ۴۰ الی۹۰ دقیقه انجام شد و مصاحبه­ها تا اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. تحلیل داده­ها، به یافتن سه مضمون اصلی منتج شد که عبارت­اند از: چالش­ها و دغدغه­های والدین مهاجر ایرانی مسلمان دربارۀ تربیت فرزندانشان، فرصت­ها یا جنبه‌های مثبت فرزندپروری در امریکا، و راهبردهای تربیتی مؤثر برای انتقال هویت اسلامی و ایرانی. مطالعۀ پژوهش حاضر می­تواند برای مشاوران، معلمان و مؤسسات ارائه­کنندۀ خدمات به مهاجران و خانواد­های مهاجر کاربردی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Experience of Iranian Muslim Immigrant Parents in the United States about the Upbringing of their Second-Generation Children

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yaser Madani
  • Somayyeh Shahmoradi
  • Ameneh Shakeri
University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

A second-generation immigrant refers to a person who is born in a different country to where at least one of his/her parents immigrated. Immigration and being an immigrant through which immigrant families become a minority in the destination country, is not an easy task from different perspectives, and when it is coincided with children’s adolescence and the common conflicts and problems of this period, immigrant parents face additional challenges. This article is the result of a qualitative phenomenological study conducted to understand how Iranian Muslim parents living in California connect with their adolescent children. The participants of this study consisted of 15 parents of Iranian Muslim immigrant families with their 13-19  year-old children. They were selected through snowball method of sampling. Forty to ninety-minute interviews were conducted with each of them, and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis resulted in three main themes: challenges and concerns of Iranian Muslim immigrant parents about raising their children, opportunities or positive aspects of parenting in the United States, and effective educational strategies for transferring Islamic and Iranian identity. This study can provide practical points for counselors, instructors, and providers of immigration services for immigrant families.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • second-generation children
  • Iranian Muslim parents
  • immigration
  • parent-adolescent relationship
دانش، پ.، و توکلی، ع. (۱۳۹۳). مطالعۀ هویت نسل دوم ایرانیان خارج از کشور. پژوهشنامۀ توسعۀ فرهنگی اجتماعی، 23ـ40.
Ahmadi, B. (2013). How Second Generation Iranians Understand Their National and Ethnic Identity? : A comparative study of the impact of the host society- the case of Sweden and the United States. (Dissertation No. SGSMKINSA-V13-1). Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14520
Ahmed, Gh. E. (2013). Muslim Parents at Crossroads: Choosing the Right School for their Children. Comparative and International Education/ Éducation Comparée et Internationale, 42(2), Article 4. 
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied psychology46(1), 5-34.
Bozorgmehr, M., & Douglas, D. (2011). Success (ion): second-generation Iranian Americans. Iranian Studies44(1), 3-24.
Byng, M. (2017). Transnationalism among second-generation Muslim Americans: Being and belonging in their transnational social field. Social Sciences6(4), 131.
Crockett, L. J., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2009). Substance use among Latino adolescents: Cultural, social, and psychological considerationsHandbook of U.S. Latino psychology: Developmental and community-based perspectives (pp. 379-398). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Daha, M. (2011). Contextual factors contributing to ethnic identity development of second-generation Iranian American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research26(5), 543-569.
Finlayson, C. S., Fu, M., Squires, A., Van Cleave, J., & Appelbaum, A. (2018). The experience of being aware of disease status among women with recurrent ovarian cancer: A phenomenological study. Nursing Research67(2), E61.
Forghani, A., & Neustaedter, C. (2014). The routines and needs of grandparents and parents for grandparent-grandchild conversations over distance. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4177-4186).
Fox, J., & Akbaba, Y. (2015). Securitization of Islam and religious discrimination: Religious minorities in Western democracies, 1990-2008. Comparative European Politics13(2), 175-197.
Gualda, E. (2007). Researching Second Generation in a Transitional, European, and Agricultural Context of Reception of Immigrants (No. 332). Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Center for Migration and Development.
Jannati, E., & Allen, S. (2018). Parental Perspectives on Parent–Child Conflict and Acculturation in Iranian Immigrants in California. The Family Journal26(1), 110-118.
Khan, S., Husain, W., & Masood, S. (2005). Situating weekend Islamic schools in the American Muslim context. Paper delivered at the ISNA Education Forum, March (Vol. 10).
Kwak, K. (2003). Adolescents and their parents: A review of intergenerational family relations for immigrant and non-immigrant families. Human development46(2-3),
115-136.
Liu, L. L., Benner, A. D., Lau, A. S., & Kim, S. Y. (2009). Mother-adolescent language proficiency and adolescent academic and emotional adjustment among Chinese American families. Journal of youth and adolescence38(4), 572-586.
Lopez, K. A., & Willis, D. G. (2004). Descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology: Their contributions to nursing knowledge. Qualitative health research14(5), 726-735.
Mahdi, A. A. (1998). Ethnic identity among second‐generation Iranians in the United States. Iranian Studies31(1), 77-95.
Meybodi, M. M. (2014). Ethnic language maintenance: A case study of second-generation Iranian Americans in the northeastern states. City University of New York.
Miller, L. R. & Madani, Y. (2013). Autostereotype. The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology, First Edition. Edited by Kenneth D. Keith. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nesteruk, O., & Marks, L. (2009). Grandparents across the ocean: Eastern European immigrants’ struggle to maintain intergenerational relationships. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40(1), 77-95.
Nesteruk, O., & Marks, L. (2011). Parenting in immigration: Experiences of mothers and fathers from Eastern Europe raising children in the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies42(6), 809-825.
Nguyen, A. M. D., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology44(1), 122-159.
Orgocka, A. (2004). Perceptions of communication and education about sexuality among Muslim immigrant girls in the US. Sex Education4(3), 255-271.
Paige, S. (2014). Iranian American perceptions of experienced prejudice and discrimination in the political and social context of the United States of America (Doctoral dissertation, [Honolulu]:[University of Hawaii at Manoa].
Perreira, K. M., Chapman, M. V., & Stein, G. L. (2006). Becoming an American parent: Overcoming challenges and finding strength in a new immigrant Latino community. Journal of Family Issues27(10), 1383-1414.
Perreira, K. M., Chapman, M. V., & Stein, G. L. (2006). Becoming an American parent: Overcoming challenges and finding strength in a new immigrant Latino community. Journal of Family Issues27(10), 1383-1414.
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. University of California Press.
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Baezconde‐Garbanati, L., Zamboanga, B. L., Córdova, D., Lorenzo‐Blanco, E. I., ... & Villamar, J. A. (2016). Testing the parent–adolescent acculturation discrepancy hypothesis: A five‐wave longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence26(3), 567-586.
Soliman, A. (2016). Muslim Parents’ Shared Viewpoints About US Public Schools: A Q Methodological Study (Doctoral dissertation, Long Island University, CW Post Center).
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, 56-65.
Timani, H. S. (2006). Islamic Schools in America: Islam’s Vehicle to the Future?. In Forum on Public Policy Online (Vol. 2006, No. 1, p. n1). Oxford Round Table. 406 West Florida Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801.
Tseng, V., & Fuligni, A. J. (2000). Parent‐Adolescent language use and relationships among immigrant families with East Asian, Filipino, and Latin American backgrounds. Journal of Marriage and Family62(2), 465-476.
Valizadeh, L., Zamanzadeh, V., Rassouli, M., & Farshi, M. R. (2018). Concerns of parents with or raising adolescent children: a qualitative study of Iranian families. Journal of caring sciences7(1), 27
Weller, D. L., & Turkon, D. (2015). Contextualizing the immigrant experience: The role of food and foodways in identity maintenance and formation for first-and second-generation Latinos in Ithaca, New York. Ecology of food and nutrition54(1), 57-73.